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The Arrest of Christ (Kiss of Judas), Giotto, c.1305-1306, tempera |
Date: 500-1400 CE Locations: Great Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Spain Historical Events: Fall of the Roman Empire (476); Viking Raids (793–1066); Battle of Hastings (1066); Crusades I–IV (1095–1204); Black Death (1347–1351); Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) Characteristics: biblical subjects and classical mythology; darkness Artists: St. Sernin, Durham Cathedral, Notre Dame, Chartres, Cimabue, Duccio, Giotto Search Terms: Celtic art, Carolingian, Byzantine, Islamic painting, Romanesque, Gothic; illuminated manuscripts Call Numbers:
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"Primavera," (1477-82) Sandro Botticelli, Uffizi |
Early Renaissance (1400-1450) High Renaissance (1480-1520) Location: Italy Historical Events: Gutenberg invents movable type (1447); Turks conquer Constantinople (1453); Columbus lands in the Americas (1492); Martin Luther starts the Reformation (1517) Characteristics: Rebirth of classical culture (Greek, Roman) Artists: Brunelleschi, Donatello, Botticelli, da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo Call Numbers:
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Date: 1430-1580 Locations: France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, England Historical Events: Gutenberg invents movable type (1447); Martin Luther starts the Protestant Reformation (1517); Council of Trent and Counter Reformation (1545-1563) Characteristics: The Renaissance spreads northward; Rather than draw upon Classical Greek and Roman aesthetics, Northern artists retained a Gothic sensibility; noted for somber moods and darker psychological undertones; Humanism Artists: Jan van Eyck, Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein, Hieronymus Bosch, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Jean Fouquet |
The Renaissance in the North
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Art from the Met (NY).
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"Christ healing the blind" (1570) El Greco, oil on canvas, The Met |
Date: 1520-1600 Locations: Italy Historical Events: Magellan circumnavigates the globe (1520–1522) Characteristics: Art that breaks the rules; artifice over nature; sometimes referred to as late Renaissance Artists: Visari, Salviati, Beccafumi, Tintoretto, El Greco, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini |
Painting in Italy
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This book is an account of painting in Italy during the period of the High and the Late Renaissance, the period which included the most remarkable concentration of accomplishments in the artistic history of Italy. No other time and place can offer a roster like the Cinquecento: Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael, Giorgione, Titian, and Correggio are the exalted luminaries in the constellation, and around them there is company of the magnitude of Sarto, Rosso, Pontormo, Bronzino, Parmigianino, Lotto, Tintoretto, and Veronese, to mention only some. The diversity of achievement of the painters is as remarkable as its quality; probably no earlier period offers so complex a picture of self-conscious differences of artistic style, in which an ethical attitude is often a major factor within an aesthetic one. The author delineates the painters' individualities and characterizes their important works. At the same time, however, he relates these individual events to categories and patterns that appear to a more general view of Cinquecento art. In ten carefully interwoven chapters he discusses the history of the classical style of the High Renaissance in the earlier decades of the century, the rise, spread, and eventual adulteration of the Mannerist style, and the events, in Venice and North Italy especially, that resist generalization and help make up the whole rich historical texture that is called the Late Renaissance. -- Inside jacket flap.
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"The adolescent Bacchus," (1595-1597) Caravaggio Merisi, oil on canvas, Uffizi |
Date: 1600-1750 CE Locations: France, Italy, Netherlands Historical Events: Thirty Years’ War between Catholics and Protestants (1618–1648) Characteristics: Splendor and flourish for God; art as a weapon in the religious wars; ornate; grandeur; contrast of light and rich color palettes Artists: Artemesia Gentileschi, Velazquez, Reubens, Rembrandt, Caravaggio, Rembrandt van Rijn, Vermeer Search Terms: Dutch Golden Age; Flemish Baroque painting; Caravaggisti Call Number:
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"The blue boy," (1770) Thomas Gainsborough, oil on canvas, Huntington Museum and Library (CA, USA) |
Date: 1770-1775 Locations: France, northern Italy, southern Germany, Britain, Russia Historical Events: Reign of Louis XV of France (1723-1759) Characteristics: lightness and elegance; softer style of decorative art compared to the exuberance of Baroque; floral designs and use of gilt; exceptionally ornamental Differences between Baroque and Rococo: Partial abandonment of symmetry, composition of graceful lines and asymmetrical curves; Chinese and Japanese motifs; warm pastels Artists: Boucher, Watteau, Gainsborough, Jean-Baptiste Pater; Nicolas Lancret, van Loo family, Giovanni Tiepolo,
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The Death of Marat, Jacques-Louis David, 1793, oil on canvas |
Date: 1750-1850 Locations: France Historical Events: Enlightenment (18th century); Industrial Revolution (1760–1850) Characteristics: Art that recaptures Greco-Roman grace and grandeur; renewed interest in the classical ideals of harmony, simplicity, and proportion Artists: David, Ingres, Greuze, Canova
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Wanderer above the Sea of Fog, Caspar David Friedrich, 1818, oil on canvas |
Date: 1780-1850 Locations: Great Britain, Spain, France Historical Events: American Revolution (1775–1783); French Revolution (1789–1799); Napoleon crowned emperor of France (1803) Characteristics: The triumph of imagination and individuality; emotion Artists: Caspar Friedrich, Gericault, Delacroix, Turner, Benjamin West, Goya, Blake, Fuseli Search Terms: Nazaraene movement; Purismo; Dusseldorf school; Hudson River school; Luminism |
The Gleaners, Jean-François Millet, 1857, oil on canvas |
Date: 1840-1880 Locations: Germany, France, USA Historical Events: European democratic revolutions of 1848; Westward expansion of the Unites States, California Gold Rush (1849) Characteristics: Celebrating working class and peasants; en plein air, rustic painting; detailed depiction of everyday life Artists: Corot, Courbet, Daumier, Millet, Rossetti, Millais, Tarbell, Sloan, Luks Search Terms: Hudson River School, Pre-Raphaelites, The Ten, Ashcan School |
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Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and Her Son, Claude Monet, 1875, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Art, USA |
Date: 1860-1890 Locations: France, Britain, USA Historical Events: Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871); Unification of Germany (1871) Characteristics: Capturing fleeting effects of natural light Artists: Monet, Manet, Renoir, Pissarro, Cassatt, Morisot, Degas Search Terms: "en plein air", neo-impressionism (pointillism) |
Impressionism
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A book on Impressionism, the name given to the major artistic phenomenon of the 19th century, and the first of the Modern Movements. Contents
Impressionism / Pierre Courthion -- Graphic works -- Notes -- Chronology of events and exhibitions -- Colorplates -- Snow at Louveciennes / Alfred Sisley -- Interior at Petworth ; Rain, steam, and speed / Joseph Mallord William Turner -- Sky and trees / John Constable -- The bridge at Narni / Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot -- The water Parterre at Versailles / Richard Parkes Bonington -- The sea from the heights of Dieppe / Eugène Delacroix -- Les Demoiselles des bords de la Seine / Gustave Courbet -- Rue Saint-Jacques in Paris / Johan Barthold Jongkind -- Bathers on the beach at Trouville ; Twilight over the basin of Le Havre / Eugène Boudin -- The Pont de l'Estacade in Paris / Stanislas Lépine -- Sunday at the Saint-Siméon farm (La Cueillette des pommes) / Félix Cals -- Old Battersea Bridge : nocturne, blue and gold / James Abbott McNeill Whistler -- Lola de Valence ; Olympia ; Argenteuil / Édouard Manet -- Croquet scene / Winslow Homer -- Impression, sunrise ; The basin at Argenteuil ; Rue Montorgueil decked with flags / Waterlily pool / Claude Monet -- Orchard with flowering fruit trees, springtime, Pontoise ; Ile Lacroix, Rouen, effect of fog ; Place du Théâtre Français, Paris ; Fenaison à Eragny (Haymaking at Eragny) / Camille Pissarro -- A modern Olympia ; The bridge at Maincy ; Village of Gardanne ; Boy in a red vest / Paul Cézanne -- Sunset at Ivry ; Tavern at Bercy on the Seine / Armand Guillaumin -- Woman with chrysanthemums ; Women on the terrace of a café ; L'Etoile / Edgar Degas -- La Loge ; Dancing at the Moulin de la Galette ; La Fin du Déjeuner ; La Toilette (Grande Baigneuse aux jambes croisées) / Pierre-Auguste Renoir -- Louveciennes, heights of Marly ; Boat races at Molesey / Alfred Sisley -- The balcony ; Eugène Manet on the Isle of Wight ; Young woman in a party dress / Berthe Morisot -- The daughter of Alexander Cassatt / Mary Cassatt -- Scène d'Eté / Frédéric Bazille -- The "Oude Vinck" restaurant in Leyden / Max Liebermann -- The beach at Dieppe / Paul Gauguin -- Fourteenth of July in Paris ; The starry night / Vincent Van Gogh -- The watering can ; Bathing at Asnières (Une Baignade) ; The canoe ; A Sunday afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte / Georges Seurat -- Man and woman in the street / Charles Angrand -- Riverbank in winter / Albert Dubois-Pillet -- Les Iles d'Or / Henri-Edmond Cross [Delacroix] -- View of the Seine toward the Pont Neuf / Maximilien Luce -- Boulevard de Clichy in Paris / Paul Signac -- Vegetable market / Louis Hayet -- Ponte della Paglia / Maurice Prendergast -- Dining room in the country / Pierre Bonnard.
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"Country road by night in Provence," (1890) Vincent Van Gogh, Oil on canvas, Kroller Muller Museum, NE |
Date: 1885-1910 Locations: France Historical Events: Belle Époque (late-19th-century Golden Age); Japan defeats Russia (1905) Characteristics: A soft revolt against Impressionism; personal, subjective, and symbolic visions of the world rather than direct observation Artists: Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne, Seurat, Toulouse-Lautrec |
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Judith and the Head of Holofernes, Gustav Klimt, 1901, oil on canvas |
Date: 1890-1910 Locations: Czech Republic, Austria, France, Spain Characteristics: Organic ornamentation, long lines and curves Artists: Gustav Klimt, Anotoni Gaudi, Alphonse Mucha Search Terms: Vienna Secession, Mir iskusstva, Jugendstil, Modernisme (Spain) |
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Portrait of Madame Matisse (The Green Stripe), Henri Matisse, 1906, oil on canvas |
Date: 1905-1910 Locations: France Historical Events: Boxer Rebellion in China (1900) Characteristics: Use of bold, non-natural colors (often applied directly to the canvas from the tube), and loose dabs of paint. Subject forms are simplified appearing abstract. Flat composition. Built off the works of van Gogh and Seraut. Artist keywords: Matisse, Derain, Rouault, de Vlaminck, Braque, Dufy |
The Fauve Landscape
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This text is devoted to the colourful landscapes produced during the Fauvist period of 1904-1908. An essay on the emergence of the Fauve landscape is followed by four essays devoted to individual sites and such topics as Fauvism's impact on tourism and politics. Another essay concentrates on the critical landscape, in essence the critics' reception of these paintings. Matisse, Braque, Derain, Vlaminck, Dufy, Marquet, Manguin and Friesz are represented with examples of their works.
Contents
Foreword / Earl A. Powell III -- Surveying the terrain : the Fauves and the landscape / Judi Freeman -- Documentary chronology : 1904-1908 / Judi Freeman -- New lessons from the School of Chatou : Derain and Vlaminck in the Paris suburbs / John Klein -- Painters and tourists : Matisse and Derain on the Mediterranean shore / James D. Herbert -- Far from the earth of France : the Fauves abroad / Judi Freeman -- The distant cousins in Normandy : Braque, Dufy, and Friesz / Alvin Martin and Judi Freeman -- Fauves in the landscape of criticism : metaphor and scandal at the Salon / Roger Benjamin.
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The Scream, Edvard Munch, 1893, oil, tempura, pastel and crayon, National Gallery, Oslo |
Date: 1905-1920 Locations: Historical Events: World War I (1914-1918); Russian Revolution (1917) Characteristics: Distortion of form, strong use of color; emerged as a response to conflicting world views and the loss of spirituality; use of distortion of form and strong colors to convey emotions and anxieties; quest for authenticity beyond Western art heavily influenced by "tribal art." Artists: Edvard Munch, Wassily Kandinsky, Egon Shiele; Emil Nolde, Kirchner, Gros, Otto Dix Search Terms: Die Brucke; Der Blaude Reiter; Neue Sachlichkeit |
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Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Pablo Picasso, 1907, oil on canvas |
Date: 1907- 1920s Locations: France Historical Events: ; World War I (1914-1918); Russian Revolution (1917); Suffrage of American women (1920) Characteristics: Abstract, flat, two-dimensional surfaces; geometric forms, contrasting vantage points; rejection of the concept that art should copy nature; moved away from traditional techniques and perspectives creating fragmentation and abstraction Artists: Picasso, Braque, Delaunay, Gris, Metzinger, Gleizes, Leger Search Terms: Section d'OR |
Cubists and Cubism
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Into the Cubist revolution 1906-1908. From Czanne and fauvism to cubism ; Seeing as conditoned by nature and culture ; Fauvis, the radical stage of modernism ; Ingres' "Turkish Bath" at the crossroads between Matisse and Picasso ; Picasso's meeting with the avant-garde ; Emulation: Derain, Matisse, Pacasso and the "Demoiselles d'Avignon" ; An initial statement of cubism: the "Nude with drapery" ; Solitude of Picasso ; Arrival of Braque -- The period of high cubism partnership of Braque and Picasso 1908-1912. The fragmentation of surfaces ; Advances of Picasso, insights of Braque ; New departure at Cadaqués ; Around Apollinaire and Max Jacob ; Encounters at Céret -- The cubist explosion and scandals in Paris 1911-1914. The revelation of cubism ; Cubist circles in Paris ; The revelation of the 1911 Salon des Indépendants ; Cubism consolidates its positions ; The futurists in Paris ; The 1912 Salon des Indépendants ; The scandal of the 1912 Salon d'Automne ; The Section d'Or and the break-up of the cubist school ; Mondrian in paris ; First writings on cubism -- The second revolution of Braque and Picasso 1912-1914. The discovery of assemblage and "Papiers collés" ; Picasso's return to the Baroque and the human face assemblages ; Experiments of Juan Gris and Braque ; Cubist sculpture -- Cubism outside France 1911-1915. Cubism in Russia ; From Russia to Germany ; Prague, the second centre of cubism ; The United States and the armory show ; England -- The aftermath of cubism. Reactions of the cubist experience on Picasso ; Avignon: Picasso and Derain together for the last time ; Matisse and cubism ; Picasso during the war ; "Parade" and Picasso's journey to Rome ; Sculpture and the cubist style ; Codified and academic cubism ; The major cubists after the war -- The cubist heritage.
The Disquieting Muses, Giorgio de Chirico, 1918, oil on canvas |
Date: Locations: Historical Events: Disillusionment after World War I; The Great Depression (1929–1938); World War II (1939–1945) and Nazi horrors; atomic bombs dropped on Japan (1945) Characteristics: painting dreams and exploring the unconscious; denunciation of rationalist mindset; tapping into the subconscious and exploration of psychoanalysis theories developed by Sigmund Freud. Artists: Duchamp, Dalí, Ernst, Magritte, de Chirico, Kahlo |
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Date: 1940-1960 Location: New York/USA Historical Events: Cold War and Vietnam War (U.S. enters 1965); U.S.S.R. suppresses Hungarian revolt (1956) Czechoslovakian revolt (1968) Characteristics: Post–World War II: pure abstraction and expression without form; spontaneity and improvisation; complete break with the conventional. Artists: Pollock, de Kooning, Gorky, Rothko, Newman, Still, Jasper Johns, Rauschenberg Search Terms: color field painting, actin painters, New York School |
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"Blaze," (1964) Bridget Riley, National Galleries Scotland |
Dates: 1950-1960s Locations: France Historical Events: Cold War and Vietnam War (U.S. enters 1965); U.S.S.R. suppresses Hungarian revolt (1956) Czechoslovakian revolt (1968) Characteristics: Interested in optical effects; Creating images that appear to be moving or blurring by using contrasts of colors, patterns, and shapes; Inspired by advances in science and technology Artists: Bridget Riley, Jean-Pierre Yvaral, Victor Vasarely
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Date: 1950-1970 Locations: USA, UK Historical Events: Vietnam War, rise of Communism, economic and political growth of the USA, Cold War, social upheaval in the USA Characteristics: popular art absorbs consumerism; art inspired by and critiquing popular and commercial culture Artists: Warhol, Lichtenstein, Hamilton, Rosenquist, Rauschenberg, Oldenburg Search Terms: popular culture AND art; mass-production AND art |
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Hyena Stomp, Frank Stella, 1962, alkyd paint on canvas |
Date: 1960 Locations: New York / USA Characteristics: Reaction against the overly expressive works of Abstract Expressionists artists; Focus on anonymity and materiality of works; artists urged viewers to focus on what is in front on them rather than draw parallels to ouside reality and emotive throughts; purified forms, order, simplicity, and harmony. Artists: Frank Stella, Donald Judd, Sol LeWitt, Robert Morris, Carl Andre, Dan Flavin |
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Date: 1960-1970 Locations: Simultaneous across Europe, North and South America Historical Events: Nuclear freeze movement; Cold War fizzles Characteristics: "In the 1960s, many artists experimented with art that emphasized ideas over objects and materials traditionally associated with art making. In 1967, Sol LeWitt wrote in his essay “Paragraphs on Conceptual Art” that “the idea itself, even if it is not made visual, is as much of a work of art as any finished product.” Conceptual artists used their work to question the notion of what art is, and to critique the underlying ideological structures of artistic production, distribution, and display." -- MoMA; Conceptual art is art for which the idea (or concept) behind the work is more important than the finished art object. Artists: Baldessari, Robert Morris, Sol LeWitt, Joseph Kosuth,
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"Betty," (1988) Gerhard Richter, oil on canvas, Saint Louis Art Museum. |
Date: 1980-Present Locations: International Historical Events: Nuclear freeze movement; Cold War fizzles; Communism collapses in Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R. (1989–1991), Iraq wars, climate change, rise of populism and autocracies Characteristics: "Contemporary art is the art of today, produced in the second half of the 20th century or in the 21st century. Contemporary artists work in a globally influenced, culturally diverse, and technologically advancing world." - Google Arts & Culture Artists: Jeff Koons, Barbara Kruger, Claes Oldenburg Search Terms: Postmodernism; Feminist art; Neo Expressionism; Street art; Pictures Generation; Appropriation art; Young British Artists (YBA); Digital art |