Citations: APA Citations

A copy of this book is also available at the Help Desk.

Below are links to some of the most commonly cited types of sources.

As of 4/17/2023, the American Psychological Association had not yet released guidelines on using or referencing generative A.I.. 

Until they do, we recommend describing your use of the tool in a note and, for the citation, using the company as the author, the date, a description of your prompt, the name and version of the tool, and the URL of the tool. For example: 

OpenAI. (2023, April 17). [Response to a prompt to list important questions regarding emerging technologies]. ChatGPT Mar 23 Version. https://chat.openai.com/

When you mention another's work or ideas in your paper, provide an in-text citation.

• If you use the author's name(s) in the signal phrase, follow it with the year of publication in parentheses.
• If you do not use the author's name(s) in the signal phrase, include the name, year and page number in parentheses.
• Always give the page number for direct quotations.
• Page numbers are recommended but not required for paraphrased references. 

Examples:

Paraphrased idea; Author is named in a signal phrase: 

According to Volkow, Compton, & Wardo (2017), women who are – or are trying to become – pregnant should not use marijuana, even to treat morning sickness (p. 129).

Direct quote: Author is not named in a signal phrase:

"Pregnant women and those considering becoming pregnant should be advised to avoid using marijuana or other cannabinoids either recreationally or to treat nausea" (Volkow, Compton, & Wardo, 2017, p. 129).

The Reference List:

• Includes all sources used in your paper
• Is located after the main body of the paper and before any appendices. 
• Is alphabetized, double-spaced, and in 12-point Times New Roman (or similar) font.
• Uses hanging indentations. 

For further information on this topic please see the APA Paper Format section of this subject guide.

Tips for formatting APA style citations:

• Title your reference "References".
• Capitalize the titles of periodicals (National Geographic).
• For all other titles, capitalize only the first letter of a title, words beginning sentences, words beginning sub-titles, and proper names.
• If no author is named, move the title to the author position, before the publication date.
• If no publication date is given, use n.d. in place of the date.
• Pay attention to the punctuation used in your citations. 

The basic format:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy

Journal Article with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI):

Banet-Weiser, S. (2011). Convergence on the street: Rethinking the authentic/commercial binary. Cultural Studies, 25, 641-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2011.600553

Meyer, C. G., O'Malley, J. M., Papastamatiou, Y. P., Dale, J. J., Hutchinson, M. R., Anderson, J. M., & ... Holland, K. N. (2014). Growth and maximum size of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) in Hawaii. Plos ONE, 9(1), 1-9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084799

Online Journal Article with No DOI

Lindsey, D. (2010). Evaluating quality control of Wikipedia's feature articles. First Monday, 15(4). Retrieved from http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2721/2482

Journal Article from a Database with No DOI

1. Search CrossRef.org to see if a DOI exists. If there is, use the DOI. If there isn't:
2. Search Google Scholar to see if the article is available from the journal or publisher's website. If it is, use that URL. If it isn't:
3. Use either:
   1. (a) the database name and article accession number OR
   2. (b) the database URL. 

The basic format for citing a book is:

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.

For example:

Book with a single author:

Pukui, M. K. (1995). Folktales of Hawai‘i. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press.
 

Book with multiple authors:

Hunt, T. and Lipo, C. (2011). The Statues that walked: Unraveling the mystery of Easter Island. New York, NY: Free Press.

(Insert the authorʻs names in the order that they appear in the book/paper)

Online book:

Jung, M. (2006). Reworking race: The making of Hawaii’s interracial labor movement. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com
 
(for online books replace "Location: Publisher" with "Retrieved from" and insert the URL)

The basic formatting for citing a webpage is:

Author, A.A. (Year, Month Date Published). Title of article. Title of Webpage. Retrieved from URL

For example:

Webpage, author named:

Povich, E, S. (2018, May 7). Why most states are struggling to regulate Airbnb. Pew. Retrieved from https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and- analysis/blogs/stateline/2018/05/07/why-most-states-are-struggling-to-regulate-airbnbb

Webpage, no author named:

The Road to resilience. (n.d.). American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience

(when there is no date given use "n.d.")